For example, these activities help the learners to retain information while it is being processed, identify word and clause boundaries, recognize key transitions, locate referents, understand grammatical relationships between syntactic elements in an utterance or sentence, and identify sentence functions. These activities guide the students to construct a better text meaning. Bottom-up processingīottom-up activities are concerned with things such as individual words, phrases, and sentences. They then have to listen to or read the main passage and decide whether or not the same points are mentioned.
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